After primordial oscillations a Foam: the secondary structure of the universe

Sloan Digital Sky Survey, The accumulation of gravity-bound structures, are shown in yellow. 

The Big Bang, the hundred years old idea that is meant to explain the even distribution of the cosmos, is in trouble. The microwave background radiation, which is the only tell-tale sign of the formation of the universe, is in apparent contradiction with a central origin of space. As my earlier blog demonstrate, large spatial fluctuations could gradually slow down due to friction, which might have given rise to compact dimensions. The existence of compact dimensions means that any change in field curvature requires energy. The energy requirement slows and inhibits changes and stabilizes the spatial structure. Current data well support such a process. Analysis of the universe material distribution at the largest scales shows a filamentary, wavy organization, utterly congruent with mixing and spreading of three-dimensional waves within a perfect fluid. Indeed, gargantuan spring oscillations in an ideal vacuum would lead to highly fluid oscillations. Also, such frictionless oscillations must have ended as space transitioned toward a harder state.

A more detailed analysis of the universe reveals a foamy structure embedded within the immense filaments. The above image is a time-lapse photo of the cosmos; large-scale foam structure evolves toward the more recent, lower portion of the picture. In physical processes, such structure arises, due to whipping or expanding material within a flexible medium, which can retain its inner structure through hardening. The secondary organization of the universe consists of various sized empty bubbles surrounded by galaxies and other gravity bound structures. These secondary formations resulted as expanding space formed huge bubbles and pushed positive curvature regions outward. The above data suggests that the universe, which has started out as a highly flexible system, was subjected to whipping or expansion before gradual hardening.

Laniakea Supercluster of Galaxies  Curved paths indicate material (galactic) movement (Tully, 2014)

The reason for this solidifying can be found in the smallest structure of space in string theory. The birth of the compact dimensions of string theory (called the Calabi-Yau space) must have been a universal break on the oscillations. Interactions of the compact dimensions produce gravity, which hardens spatial structure. Indeed, gravitational regions, accompanied by immense field strength, form rigid structures. The gravity-bound areas retain a solid and stable large-scale structure, whereas smaller-curvature parts are highly flexible. The stiff structures of galaxies can only form outside and around the cosmic voids. The above image clearly shows the opening of the empty void enclosed by gravitational areas. Light converges due to the gravitational pull of large objects and diverges due to the negative-curving field. Thus light follows the: on the grandest scale, the cosmos is like a house of mirrors. More details, such as the role of gravity in the large-scale structure of the universe, can be found in my book, 'The Science of Consciousness.' On the above figure, Laniakea Super-cluster contains the Milky-way galaxy, the home of our own solar system.


THE GROWING CASE AGAINST THE BIG BANG

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Copyright © 2017 by Eva Deli

Primordial oscillations, an alternative mechanism to the Big Bang

Microwave anisotropy map of the universe

Big Bang is the scientifically accepted theory for the initial formation of the universe. The model accounts for the gargantuan size of the universe and its apparently perfectly even distribution. To solve the presumably extremely high initial density with the resulting uniform structure all over space, an immense and sudden increase in size, explosion, has been put forward. A faster bang, called inflation, was suggested to accommodate observations that showed an extremely smooth distribution of the large-scale structure in the cosmos. However, the driving force of inflation is missing, and the mechanism conflicts on many points with the microwave background radiation. Below I introduce an alternative possibility that can generate a uniform matter distribution throughout the visible cosmos, and it is also coherent with the microwave background radiation.

The book ‘The science of consciousness’ shows that the universe's primordial energy is formed by one-dimensional string vibrations. Therefore string theory replaces Big Bang as the originator of the cosmos. Because primordial string vibrations preceded stable spatial structure, temperature, or pressure, they could occur with abundance and fluidity. The kinetic energy of string fluctuations would generate compactification and insulation by a smooth, symmetric, and information blocking the horizon. The energy needs that formed compact dimensions calibrated the constant energy level of space. The compact dimension formation would give rise to the first interactions, time zero of the universe. Interaction, an energy-requiring volume exchange between space and the compact dimensions, stabilized the spatial structure. This is the birth of interacting fermions and the beginning of time.

The time progression from left to right shows the gradual formation of foam (credit: NSF)

The latest cosmological data show a filament structure on the largest scales of the universe, congruent with string oscillations. The above mechanism also fits well with the cosmic background radiation measurements, which shows that the curvature of space is nearly flat, and the fluctuations show almost Gaussian (even) distribution. The series of pictures above indicate how the parallel evolution of gravity-bound structures with the expansion of space. Without a stable spatial field, lissome string fluctuations could not have given rise to gravitational waves. Consequently, Big Bang gravitational waves cannot be detected with even our current, sophisticated technology. (The recently discovered gravitational waves are the result of a black hole collision.) The decreasing amplitude oscillations could very well calibrate the constant energy level of space and, at the moment of creation, spike the temperature, allowing recombination and nucleosynthesis. The high temperature would drive spatial expansion. Secondary interactions would give rise to a foamy structure. This simple mechanism can eliminate many problems that plague the theory of Big Bang and inflation.

Problems with the standard model of Cosmology are listed in a recent publication...

Want to learn more? More information can be found in my book, The science of consciousness.

Copyright © 2017 by Eva Deli

The holographic principle, a possible explanation for particle mass

Natural logarithm of three generations of fermion masses. The natural logarithm of fermion masses increases linearly within each particle type (quarks, electrons, and neutrinos). The only deviation is for down quarks. 

Material fermions come in three families. The exponentially increasing masses of particles within one particle family has been a puzzle. 'The science of consciousness,' introduces in a cohesive, coherent physical view that examines particle operation, and cosmology from the same perspective, which shed light to the puzzling differences between masses of fermion generations. Particles are not static objects but can transform into each other within one family by controlling energetic changes of the environment. Landauer’s principle recognizes the thermodynamic connection between energy and information. For the first time ever, converting information into free energy has been demonstrated (Toyabe et al., 2010) and the exact amount of heat released when one bit of information was erased has been measured by Bérut and colleagues (2012). As a consequence, information-saturated regions will heat up, whereas energy-rich areas will be cold. The holographic principle in string theory recognizes that the information of a volume of space is contained on the boundary (Susskind, 1994) and black holes are information-saturated. The regions of black holes, which are known to be information-saturated therefore should display extreme (hot) temperatures. Taken together, the holographic principle and Landauer’s principle mean that information accumulation of particles by the incessant standing-wave tick-tock of the universe eventually uses up energy and turns those particles into black holes. This is an important realization because it means that within one family, particles only differ in their energy-information content and energy information change would exponentially increase mass. If this is true, then the natural logarithm of particle mass within one family would formulate a straight line. The above figure clearly shows this to be the case. The vastly different mass members of the three-particle families are stable only within the corresponding field strength of vastly divergent gravity environments. For example, within Earth’s mild gravity, only the lowest mass of each particle type is stable. However, greater gravity environments, such as neutron stars would favor the second or third generations of fermions.

Want to learn more? More information can be found in my book, The science of consciousness

Copyright © 2017 by Eva Deli