Sex differences in human lifespan are also true in other mammals

In human populations, women live longer than men. Nevertheless, the rate of aging is the same in both sexes. Demographic data from 101 mammalian species shows that the female’s median lifespan is, on average, 18.6% longer than that of males of the same species. However, the difference is very variable across species, meaning other factors need to be considered to explain this variability. In humans, the female advantage is, on average, 7.8%. For example, nine out of 10 people who live to be 110 years old are female. 

Females have two X chromosomes, while males have an X and a Y. The theory is that the extra X in women has a protective effect against harmful mutations and holds true in other species. Nevertheless, the cause for females' long life is probably an interaction between environmental conditions and sex-specific genetic variations. For example, males devote more resources towards specific functions (such as mating, fighting) than females. 

After all, there is hope for men; the risks of dying are not increasing more in males than females as they get older. There are no sex differences in aging rates. Although male mortality is always higher, the difference is due to local environmental conditions and sex-specific reproductive costs. Therefore, the rate of dying evens out for the genders as they age.

Read the whole article in PNAS:

Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rates of mortality across wild mammals

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Understanding the Coronavirus: The Hammer and the Dance

Adopted from: Coronavirus: The Hammer and the Dance by Tomas Pueyo

The coronavirus is new. We know very very little about it. We have to learn to stop hand-shaking and give hugs. We must open doors with our elbow. We must wash our hands after touching a doorknob. We must disinfect tables before sitting down. Masks can help to avoid infecting other people when we are sick and reduces the likelihood that we get infected. All of these are pretty cheap ways to reduce the transmission rate. The less this virus propagates, the fewer measures we’ll need in the future to contain it.

Strong coronavirus measures today should only last a few weeks, there shouldn’t be a big peak of infections afterward, and it can all be done for a reasonable cost to society, saving millions of lives along the way. If we don’t take these measures, tens of millions will be infected, many will die, along with anybody else that requires intensive care, because the healthcare system will have collapsed.

Read the whole article

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Humanity's grand challenge: hope during the Coronavirus epidemics

What can we learn from Italy and China about the Coronavirus?

Young people (under 30) have much, much lower mortality rates than older individuals.

What can older folks do to improve their chances of recovery? A good diet and social distance is a good start but what is we had a treatment would be a game-changer!  GAMECHANGER Therapy? Hydroxychloroquine & Azithromycin as a COVID-19 treatment... (an antimalarial & an antibiotic). See the chart below, which displays this combo's *stunning* results. Here’s the original article.

Source: Gautret et al., 2020.

Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID‐19: results of an open‐label non‐randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents – In Press 17 March 2020 – 

DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949

Image, Coronavirus under microscope (NIAID-RML)

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Is the cosmos infinite or discrete?

Is the cosmos infinite or discrete? Currently, physics cannot decide this question. Establishing a solution to this question has ramifications for our understanding of the cosmos, theoretical physics, pure mathematics, and even programming. 

The answer is related to dimensionality. In mathematics, the number of dimensions reflects the number of independent characteristics you can adjust. In quantum mechanics, every possible position of the electron defines a different state space, but holographic spaces, such as black holes, have a limited description.

Is the cosmos infinite or discrete? Separating a compact space from the universe by an information blocking horizon gives rise to a wave function, i.e., the particles. Compact dimensions define the wave function's discrete frequencies. Insulation of the wave function frees the particle from gravity, which permits entanglement. The waves can form fluid-like behavior, such as interference and entanglement. For example, interference occurs as ripples combine on the surface of a pond.

The universe is in constant change. Interaction switches the rates of oscillations of the compact dimensions, but it also changes the volume of space (Figure 1). The universe acts like a giant clock, with the compact dimensions forming its small hand. Gravity is the big hand, which indicates our distance from the poles (white and black holes); we are located at about halfway between the poles (Figure 2). The answer to the question in the title is both discrete and infinite! When viewed within gravity regions, the universe is discrete, but it expands into infinity within white holes (the cosmic voids). 

Figure 2. Compact dimensions are separated from the space top; interaction changes the volume of space around entangled particles. Interaction changes the shape of space and forms the smooth topology of gravity. 

Figure 2. The horizontal lines indicate the compact dimensions. Energy levels are increasing, but frequencies are decreasing from the top toward the bottom. Interaction changes the gravity (S shape) between the poles of the universe (black holes and white holes). 

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